基于雷达海冰图像互相关的冰漂流场测量

我国的渤海和黄海北部在每年冬季都出现不同程度的冰情,它直接影响结冰海区的石油平台、船舶以及港口等设施的正常作业,对海冰的观测与预报随着上述海区的开发利用越发显得重要,利用航海雷达连续准确地跟踪海冰漂移运动轨迹,是当今观测、调查、研究冰漂流移动规律的有效方法之一,我国的科研人员利用雷达成像技术对渤海的冰情进行了长期的雷达海冰观测、研究,在由雷达海冰图像对海冰的物理特征的识别、分类以及冰漂流场测量方面取得了一些进展[1-4]。     

基于ASTER遥感影像的亚热带植被覆盖度信息提取

根据植被指数估算植被覆盖度的原理,以混合像元线性分解模型两个重要参数为基础,建立基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)进行估算植被覆盖度模型是研究区域植被覆盖度的一种重要方法.本文以广州市花都区为实验区,利用ASTER高光谱影像对此方法进行验证性分析,实验结果表明:用该方法提取ASTER影像的植被覆盖度具有较好的可行性.     

Estimating the orientation error of the Dahan Downhole Accelerometer using the maximum cross-correlation coefficient between the observed and synthetic waves

A new algorithm to correct the orientation error of the accelerometerat the Dahan Downhole Array, Hualien, Taiwan is developed. This algorithmconsists of three stages: (1) rotating two horizontal ground motions on thefree surface to the SH-SVdirection and SH axis offers a reference direction.(2) computing the synthetic downhole SH waves at a downhole station and (3)searching a rotation angle for downhole observation that yields a best waveformmatch between the synthetic and observed downhole seismograms. At this point, the rotated angle corresponding to the best waveform match can be considered as the orientation error. We selected five earthquakes with good data qualityfor analysis. Results show that this algorithm gives a more stable estimationthan a conventional method because it allows the selection of data from a wider time window for analyses. The estimated orientation error of the accelerometers at the Dahan Downhole Array after the 1999 reinstallation are40°, 114° and 285° at depths of 50, 100 and 200 m, respectively.     

确定砂土动剪切模量和阻尼比的方法对比

确定土体动剪切模量的常用方法有规范法、Kumar法和自相关函数法,确定相应阻尼比的方法有规范法、Das and Luo法、Kokusho法、Kumar法和互相关函数法,为了分析不同方法所产生差异,实现定量化对比分析,笔者以福建标准砂（粒径为0.5~1.0 mm）为研究对象,采用不排水的应力控制动三轴试验,探讨不同的确定土体动剪切模量和阻尼比方法的差异性,并给出了不同土体条件建议选用的方法。结果表明：1）3种方法确定动剪切模量的结果有一定的差异,随剪应变的增大结果的差异逐渐增大,有效围压对结果的差异性有所影响,当剪应变为4×10^-3,有效围压为100 kPa时,3种方法差异显著,相对误差最大接近20%;2）而5种方法确定阻尼比的结果差异显著,随着剪应变的增大,5种方法确定的阻尼比相对误差大体上均在迅速减小,只有规范法在有效围压为100 kPa时,其相对误差有较小的增大趋势;5种方法中,Kumar法确定的阻尼比最接近平均阻尼比,互相关函数法远高于平均阻尼比,Das and Luo法和Kokusho法确定的阻尼比基本一致但低于平均阻尼比。建议以后的工程应用中,加载方式为应力控制时,可采用自相关函数法确定动剪切模量,采用Kumar法确定阻尼比,二者确定的动剪切模量和阻尼比均最接近平均值。     

Spatial and multivariate analysis of geochemical data from metavolcanic rocks in the Ben Nevis area, Ontario

A study of the lithogeochemistry of metavolcanics in the Ben Nevis area of Ontario, Canada has shown that factor analysis methods can distinguish lithogeochemical trends related to different geological processes, most notably, the principal compositional variation related to the volcanic stratigraphy and zones of carbonate alteration associated with the presence of sulphides and gold. Auto- and cross-correlation functions have been estimated for the two-dimensional distribution of various elements in the area. These functions allow computation of spatial factors in which patterns of multivariate relationships are dependent upon the spatial auto- and cross-correlation of the components. Because of the anisotropy of primary compositions of the volcanics, some spatial factor patterns are difficult to interpret. Isotropically distributed variables such as CO ₂ are delineated clearly in spatial factor maps. For anisotropically distributed variables (SiO ₂ ), as the neighborhood becomes smaller, the spacial factor maps becomes better. Interpretation of spatial factors requires computation of the corresponding amplitude vectors from the eigenvalue solution. This vector reflects relative amplitudes by which the variables follow the spatial factors. Instability of some eigenvalue solutions requires that caution be used in interpreting the resulting factor patterns. A measure of the predictive power of the spatial factors can be determined from autocorrelation coefficients and squared multiple correlation coefficients that indicate which variables are significant in any given factor. The spatial factor approach utilizes spatial relationships of variables in conjunction with systematic variation of variables representing geological processes. This approach can yield potential exploration targets based on the spatial continuity of alteration haloes that reflect mineralization.List of symbols c _i Scalar factor that minimizes the discrepancy between andU _i - D Radius of circular neighborhood used for estimating auto- and cross-correlation coefficients - d Distance for which transition matrixU is estimated - d _ij Distance between observed valuesi andj - E Expected value - E _i Row vector of residuals in the standardized model - F(d _ij) Quadratic function of distanced _ij F(d _ij)=a+bd _ij+cd _ij ² - L Diagonal matrix of the eigenvalues ofU - _i Eigenvalue of the matrixU;ith diagonal element ofL - N Number of observations - p Number of variables - Q Total predictive power ofU - R Correlation matrix of the variables - R _0j Variance-covariance signal matrix of the standardized variables at origin;j is the index related tod andD (e.g.,j=1 ford=500 m,D=1000 m) - R _1j Matrix of auto- and cross-correlation coefficients evaluated at a given distance within the neighborhood - R _m ² Multiple correlation coefficient squared for themth variable - S _i Column vectori of the signal values - s _k ² Residual variance for variablek - T _i Amplitude vector corresponding toV _i;ith row ofT=V ^–1 - T Total variation in the system - U Nonsymmetric transition matrix formed by post-multiplyingR ₀₁ ^–1 byR _ij - U _i Componenti of the matrixU, corresponding to theith eigenvectorV _i;U _i= _iV_iT_i - U* _i ComponentU _i multiplied byc _i - U _ij Sum of componentsU _i+U _j - V _i Eigenvector of the matrixU;ith column ofV withUV=VL - w Weighting factor; equal to the ratio of two eigenvalues - X _i Random variable at pointi - x _i Value of random variable at pointi - y _i Residual ofx _i - Z _i Row vectori for the standardized variables - z _i Standardized value of variable     

Interpretation of Gravity Anomalies with the Normalized Full Gradient (NFG) Method and an Example

The Normalized Full Gradient (NFG) method which was put forward about 50 years ago has been used for downward continuation of gravity potential data, especially in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This method nullifies perturbations due to the passage of mass depth during downward continuation. The method depends on the downwards analytical continuation of normalized full gradient values of gravity data. Analytical continuation discriminates certain structural anomalies which cannot be distinguished in the observed gravity field. This method has been used in various petroleum and tectonic studies. The Trapeze method was used for the determination of Fourier coefficients during the application of this method. No other techniques for calculating these coefficients have been used. However, the Filon method was used for the determination of Fourier coefficients during the application of the NFG method in this work. This method, rather than the Trapeze method, should be preferred for indicating abnormal mass resources at the lower harmonics. In this study, the NFG method using the Filon method has been applied the first time to theoretical models of gravity profiles as example field at the Hasankale-Horasan petroleum exploration province where successful results were achieved. Hydrocarbon presence was shown on the NFG sections by the application of NFG downward continuation operations on theoretical models. Important signs of hydrocarbon structure on the NFG section for field and model data at low harmonics are obtained more effectively using this method.     

热带森林植被的动态变化遥感监测

本文讨论了以热带森林植被为主体的再生资源的面积动态变化监测。研究中包括两个部分。首先,我们利用多时相遥感图像对大面积的西双版纳州进行地类判读,系统地分析了森林植被的动态变化。其次,利用Landsat MSS和TM数据对自然保护区的动态变化进行了包含无监督分类和归一化差值植被指数分析的数字图像处理,变化分类也相当符合实际。总的实验结果表明,这种监测方法是很有效的,可在再生资源监测中特别是在森林植被监测中加以推广应用。     

重庆地区重复地震识别及在数字地震台网定位评价中的应用

利用重庆数字地震台网2010年1月至2017年12月的地震波形资料和观测报告,选出5个研究区1 251个M_L≥1.5地震进行波形互相关计算,识别出358对同时被2个地震台站记录且各台波形互相关系数(cc)不小于0.8的重复地震对,涉及342个地震事件,约占地震总数的27%。将筛选出的重复地震对用于定量判断地震目录中震相拾取误差及评估台网定位精度,结果显示:重庆数字地震台网的垂直定位误差约为3 km,水平定位误差约为5 km,Pg、Sg震相拾取误差分别为0.5 s和0.7 s;其中武隆区地震定位和震相拾取精度最高,綦江区最低。     

运用归一化光谱混合模型分析城市地表组成

运用归一化光谱混合分析(NSMA)方法,用ETM 数据调查广州市海珠区城市地表组成,采用亮度标准化方法减小亮度变化。通过标准化,使亮度差异在每个植被-非渗透性表面-土壤-水体(V-I-S-W)组成中减小或者消除,这样使得一个单一的端元能够代表一种地表组分。在此基础上,通过归一化影像,选择了植被、非渗透性表面、土壤和水体4种端元,运用一种约束光谱混合分析(SMA)模型,分解了不同种类的城市地表组成。通过与已有模型计算结果比较,认为本文所构建的模型较优,其对研究区非渗透性表面估计的均方根误差为12.6%。     

2003年云南大姚6.2级、6.1级地震序列S波分裂研究c

在利用双差定位法对2003年7月21日、 10月16日云南大姚先后发生的6.2级、6.1级地震序列进行精定位的基础上，采用互相关系数法测量了两个地震序列的快波偏振方向和快慢波的延迟时间. 结果表明:① 两个地震序列的S波分裂现象较明显，除三台乡台以外，大部分台站记录到的地震快波平均偏振方向与区域最大水平主压应力方向基本一致，三台乡台的偏振方向出现两个峰值，平均偏振方向是N80deg;E，表现出与区域最大水平主压应力方向不一致的现象；② 序列延迟时间与震源深度之间没有明显规律性关系，但不同延迟时间范围内偏振方向表现出不同的规律；③ 两次地震序列S波分裂结果对比发现，6.2级地震序列快波的偏振方向明显较分散，快波平均偏振方向比6.1级地震序列大20deg;，而延迟时间方面二者相差不大；④S波分裂快波偏振方向所表现出的空间差异性，可能是由于在区域背景应力场的基础上叠加了两次6级主震产生的应力扰动引起的.